White Papers:

• D000123 – A high bit resolution does not mean higher accuracy, do you know why? Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC) – Bit Count superstition(White Paper) (PDF, 663KB)
• D000120 – Why is fixed windowing bad practice for efficiency measurements? Sample Windows in Asynchronous Efficiency measurements(White Paper) (PDF, 1.59MB)
• D000487 –  When AC Power does not equal V x A x Power Factor When AC power does not equal V x A x cos (phi) (PDF, 297kB)

Power Analysis Application Notes:

• How to optimize current clamp and Rogowski coil accuracy APP043 Traceable CT Adjustment by PPA scale correlation (PDF, 587KB)
• How do N4L compare to competitors with respect to wide band accuracy and calibration? APP042 – Understanding High Accuracy Wideband Power (PDF, 492KB)
• Are N4L Power Analyzers compliant to D0-160 and ABD0100 Avionics Standards? APP040 – Power Analysis in Avionics – May 2020 (PDF, 189KB)
• What is the optimum ADC bit count resolution? APP041 – What is the optimum ADC bit count
• Is ISO17025 power calibration important to me? APP038 – Understanding Power Calibration (PDF, 438KB)
• Can I use a PPA to measure 7 phase power? APP036 – 6 & 7 phase motor drive analysis (PDF, 203KB)
• The importance of Low Power Factor watts accuracy APP035 – Low Power Factor Watts Measurement & Calibration (PDF, 228KB)
• Can I measure Electric Vehicle Traction motor efficiency with the PPA? APP032 – Efficiency Measurement of Traction Motors v2 May 2020 (PDF, 218KB)
• How do the N4L Power Analyzers avoid aliasing? APP031 – Expanded Nyquist Sampling Theory – N4L (PDF, 44KB)
• Why is the PPA so accurate at measuring harmonics? APP030 – DFT or FFT – A Comparison of Fourier Transform Techniques (PDF, 372KB)
• Can I analyze a motor during acceleration and deceleration? APP025 – PWM Motor Drive Ramp Testing with the PPA45_5500 Power Analyzers (PDF, 153KB)
• How does the PPA Calculate Harmonic magnitude? APP023 – Harmonic Analysis in Power Applications (PDF, 67.2KB)
• How can I perform efficiency analysis using the Master/Slave dual instrument technique? APP021 -Master Slave Effieicency testing (PDF, 160KB)
• RMS or Peak Ranging? Which is better for power analysis? APP019 – RMS and Peak range considerations with Precision Power Analyzers (PDF, 175KB)
• PWM Motor Drive Theory APP017 – PWM Motor Drives – Pulse Width Modulation Theory (PDF, 810KB)
• How do I test a product to see if it complies with the standby power test standards such as EN50564 and IEC62301? APP015 – Standby Power Measurement – IEC62301 (PDF, 2,183KB)
• How does 3 Phase 2 Wattmeter work, mathematically? APP014 – 3 Phase 2 Wattmeter Explained (PDF, 663KB)
• How do I perform AC-DC power efficiency measurements of power supplies using N4L PPA’s? APP013 – AC – DC Efficiency Measurements with the PPA1520 (PDF, 255KB)
• How do N4L achieve such accurate wideband current measurement? APP012 – Current Shunt Field Cancellation (PDF, 590KB)
• The mathematics behind calculated power accuracies at specified frequencies and phase angles APP009 Power Accuracy (PDF, 64KB)
• Do I need a power analyzer or can I use a DAQ card instead? APP037  – PPA v DAQ card (PDF, 350KB)
  

IEC61000 Harmonics and Flicker Application Notes:

• IEC61000 Compliance to Flicker Protocols –  [D000623] IEC61000_Flicker_Compliance_to_Protocols (PDF, 673KB) 

• IEC61000-4-7 Harmonic and Interharmonic grouping  – [D000134] APP GUIDE IEC61000-4-7-Harmonic-and-Interharmonic-grouping  (PDF, 673KB)

• A guide to IEC61000-3-3 and IEC61000-3-11 APP039 – A guide to compliant Flicker measurements – Are you fully compliant to IEC61000-3-3 and IEC61000-3-11 (PDF, 524KB)
• Can I simulate flicker with an N4A Power Source? APP034 – Flicker Simulation with the N4Axx AC Power Sources (PDF, 156KB)
• How do N4L verify that the PPA55x1 is complaint to IEC61000-3-2 and IEC61000-3-3 (Harmonics and Flicker)? APP028 – N4L Harmonics and Flicker Compliance Verification of PPA55xx to IEC61000-3-2, 3-3, 3-11 & 3-12 (PDF, 179KB)
• A guide to flicker measurements APP026 – IEC61000-3-3 2013 Electromagnetic Compatability – A Technical Guide to Flicker Measurement (PDF, 800KB)
• IEC61000-4-11 Voltage Dips Interruptions and Variations APP027 – IEC61000-4-11 Voltage Dips Interruptions and Variations

Frequency Response Analysis Application Notes:

• Can I measure PSRR (Power Supply Rejection Ratio) with the PSM series frequency response analyzers? APP022 – PSRR – Power Supply Rejection Ratio Testing (PDF, 390KB)
• Testing RFI Line filters with the PSM series Frequency Response Analyzers APP016 -Testing RFI Line Filters – Frequency Response Analysis (PDF, 759KB)
• How do I analyze the stability of a multiple loop closed feedback circuit? APP010 Testing Switched Mode Power Supply Multiple Loop Gain (PDF, 23KB)
• How to measure THD (harmonic analysis) with the PSM APP 007 Measuring low THD v2 (PDF, 90KB)
• Measuring fluctuating signals with the PSM series APP05 Measuring fluctuating signals (PDF, 16KB)
• Testing frequency shift keying with the PSM APP04 Testing FSK Communitation systems (PDF, 11KB)
• Testing LVDT’s with the PSM APP003 Testing LVDTs (PDF, 27KB)
• How do I test loop stability of power supplies with the PSM series frequency response analyzers APP002 Testing loop stability (PDF, 66KB)
• Testing communications transformers with the PSM series APP001 Testing communications transformers (PDF, 66KB)
• Frequency Response Analyzer Measurement Selectivity PSM Series Measurement Selectivity (PDF, 103KB)
• How do I measure the frequency response (transfer function) of an amplifier? APP020 – Amplifier Frequency Response (PDF, 160KB)

Electro-Chemical Impedance Spectroscopy Application Notes:

• How do I perform EIS measurements of Electro-chemical cells and batteries with the PSM series? APP033 – Battery Cell Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy iss5 Nov 2022 (PDF, 394KB)

Impedance Analysis Application Notes:

• How do I measure the impedance of a capacitor with high DC voltage bias? APP029 – Capacitor Impedance Measurements with High DC Voltage Biasing (PDF, 179KB)
• How to measure LCR parameters at high frequencies APP011 Imp-at-high-freq Jan09 (PDF, 45KB)
• Making Impedance measurements with a PSM APP 008 LCR Measurements v2
• How do I make high voltage capacitance measurements up to 800Vpk-pk? APP006 High voltage capacitance measurement (PDF, 23KB)
• PSM Series Impedance Analysis with High DC Bias App Guide – PSM Series Impedance Analysis with High DC Bias (PDF, 88KB)

Power Transformer Testing Application Notes:

• Is the SFRA45 compliant to IEC60076-18, the power transformer frequency response analysis test standard? APP024 – Sweep Frequency Response Analysis of Power Transformers – Typical Test Sequences IEC60076-18 (PDF, 164KB)
• Can I measure power transformer efficiency with N4L PPA’s? APP018 – Transformer Efficiency Testing and Transformer Vector Theory (PDF, 405KB)

App Guides:

• D000199 – Current transducer cabling principles APP GUIDE – Current transducer cabling principles (PDF, 111KB)
• D000198 – PPA Series Calibration Guide APP GUIDE – PPA Series Calibration Guide (PDF, 111KB)
• D000270 – Impedance analysis compensation guide APP GUIDE –  PSM17xx/3750+IAI compensation  (PDF, 642KB)
• D000288 – 4 Wire to 2 Wire Impedance Measurement Conversion APP GUIDE – LCR 4 wire to 2 wire conversion (PDF, 368KB)
• D000134 – IEC61000-4-7 Harmonic and Interharmonic grouping – APP GUIDE – IEC61000-4-7 Harmonic and Interharmonic grouping (PDF, 185KB)
• D000491 – PPA Phase Conventions APP GUIDE – PPA Phase Conventions (PDF, 475KB)